Samaneh Hosseinzadeh
, Safura Pakizehkar, Hoda Golab-Ghadaksaz, Laleh Hoghooghi Rad, Mehdi Hedayati
* 1 Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), such as papillary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, has rising global incidence. While most present with extremely favorable prognosis, some poor prognostic subgroups develop recurrence and become resistant to radioactive iodine (RAI), urgently requiring improved prognostic markers and diagnostic modalities. Recent advances in molecular biology have identified critical biomarkers such as BRAF V600E mutations (40–60% PTC), TERT promoter mutations (10–20% DTC), and epigenetic alterations—that refine risk stratification and guide treatment decisions. The biomarkers make personalized approaches feasible, maximizing management of patients with minimal overtreatment. New tools such as liquid biopsy and next-generation sequencing (NGS) are further augmenting precision medicine strategies. This article cites recent advancements in molecular biomarkers and their revolutionary role in addressing the heterogeneity of DTC.